Overview Dictionary Grammar

Grammar Rules

Sentences & Structures

These are the rules on sentences, the punctuation and paragraphs, as well as their types.

• Every sentence must have a subject and an action (interjection sentence is an exception), or just the subject with an implied verb (is). If a sentence does not satisfy this, then it would not be a valid sentence. Kahnaroc does not have implied pronouns.
• All sentences are separated by a semicolon ;. The ending sentence must not end with one. Question marked sentences must end with a question mark ? and command marked sentences with an exclamation mark !. If there's a sentence after a question/command marked sentence, a semicolon would not be used.
• Sentences with an interjection in them must end with an exclamation mark, unless question marked. Same rules apply as to command marked sentences.
• For speech sentences, a colon : and quotes ", ', ` must be used (for example, Ma Zaodzun: 'Ju Jod'), or, alternatively, for reported speech a comma followed by Doz (that) (for example, Ma Zaodzun, Doz Ju Jod). Quotes are not used in indirect speech. Any quote can be used, as long as they match.
• Speaker's tag in speech sentences can not be present '[Quotation]', be in front of [Speaker]: '[Quotation]', be behind ['[Quotation],/!/?' [Speaker] or be in the middle ['Quotation',/!/?] [Speaker], '[Quotation]' of the quotation.
• There are five types of sentences:
  • Basic sentence - contains only the subject and the action, or just the subject with an implied verb. Interjections can also be used.
  • Extended sentence - expands the basic sentence by including additional words that describe other words.
  • Compound sentence - combines two or more independent sentences into one, separated by separators or commas. Each clause must satisfy sentence needs.
  • Speech sentence - used to indicate speech. Indirect speech sentences are not speech sentences, but compound sentences instead, as they contain two or more grouped sentences.
  • Interjection sentence - does not contain the subject, action or any describing words, as it only contains an interjection. Interjection sentences are not considered independent clauses.
• Paragraphs of text must be separated with a newline and a starting space. Semicolon in the ending sentence of the previous paragraph must not be used.
• Kahnaroc has participle phrase structures, which are verb-based modifiers. They must be separated by commas on both sides, unless a sentence ends or starts there. To create a participle phrase, the verb must have a suffix -eng appended and there must be at least one word describing the verb.
• Kahnaroc also has parenthetical and appositive phrases, which both count as the same thing. They must go after the word that they describe further. They must be separated by commas, dashes or parentheses on both sides. If parentheses aren't used, then the punctuation must not be used at the start or end of a sentence.

Groups

These are rules on separators, groups and grouped sentences.

• Group members or grouped sentences (in a compound sentence) must be separated by a comma , or a connector.
• An implied pause can be added using three dots ..., it replaces any semicolon, comma and connector and must not be next to any of these or a question or exclamation mark. It cannot replace a question or exclamation mark.
• Connectors, commas and three dots must be in-between the two sentences/words being connected.
• If multiple connectors are used in a row, referencing a single group of words/sentences, then all but the first connector should have a comma before them.
• If there's a comma in-between a group, being separated on both sides by a connector, the second connector does not require a comma, unless they repeat after like said in the last rule (for example, Ma Und Ju, Und Zaj; Ma Und Ju, Zaj Und Doz, Und Ouz).
• Groups can be described using a single word, in that case, the group should be separated by dashes - on all sides, except if a sentence starts or ends where the dash should be (for example Ouz - Ma Und Ju; Ma Und Ju - Ouz; Ouz - Ma Und Ju - Jod). In this example Ouz describes Ma Und Ju. A comma can be right next to a dash.
• Group elements cannot be implied or omitted.
• Repeated words must be separated by a comma, connector or three dots as they count as group members.

Conversion & Compounding

These are the rules on word conversion, compounding and plurality.

• Word types such as modal verbs, interjections, connectors and prepositions cannot be converted nor compounded.
• For noun plurality a -z must be added at the end. It must be added last when compounding or converting. Words ending with Z still need this ending.
• To convert a verb, it must be in the default (present) tense.
• Nouns can be created from verbs and adjectives by adding -an to the end. Adjectives can be created from nouns and verbs by adding a -ac ending. Verbs can be created from nouns and adjectives by adding a -ad ending. This could only be done if the word makes sense.
• Words could only be converted and compounded if they make sense.
• Words can only have one conversion ending; Converting a single word two times is not allowed.
• Two or three base nouns (or converted nouns from base words) can be combined to create a compound noun, which is written together. Every noun's except for the last one's ending sequence of vowels must be removed. Adjectives can also be combined into compound adjectives, where the same rules apply.
• Official compounds are listed in the dictionary, but unofficial, as long as they make sense and apply to all rules, can also be used as if official.

Words

These are rules on words, their creation and their types.

• All words must have a starting capital letter.
• Word order in the sentence matters. Kahnaroc uses SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) sequence, similarly to English.
• Letters E, F, I, L, P, S, W, Y should be avoided, but they aren't entirely banned.
• All adjectives must end with -oc, -uc, -ac.
• All verbs must end with -od, -ud, -ad.
• There's a maximum of 3 consonants per cluster and 2 vowels per cluster. As well as no more than 4 syllables for a non-compound word. It's encouraged to shorten compound words longer than 5 syllables.
• Base words must not start with prefixes like No-, Viz- and Ka-, as well as end with -uu
• There are 8 different types of words:
  • Nouns - words that describe objects, beings, ideas, phenomenons; also pronouns, determiners and names. Examples: rock, cat, freedom, lighting, he, this, John.
  • Verbs - words that describe actions or occurrences. Examples: be, think, do.
  • Adjectives - words that describe or modify nouns or verbs, this includes adverbs. Examples: good, big, quickly, always.
  • Prepositions - words that describe time, direction or position. Also includes particles. They come before the noun that they describe. Examples: in, on, out, because of.
  • Connectors - words that connect words, sentences or groups. Examples: and, or, but, as.
  • Interjections - words that show emotion or reaction. Examples: wow, ouch, hey.
  • Modal Verbs - verbs that describe a verb and express possibility. Examples: can, must, should, might.
  • Numerals - verbs that describe numbers or order. Examples: one, two, first, second.
• Question words (what, which, who) are not a separate word type. Any appropriate word can be question marked using suffix -uu. Same with markers, they are not a word type, as they change a word.
• Prepositions must be used before the target word. Preposition No must be merged with the word as the prefix when meant to negate the meaning, but placed like a regular preposition, when used as no, not, etc.
• Verbs have tenses as follow:
  • Past tense, this action happened in the past and has already passed; it isn't ongoing. Verbs in the past tense end with -zun.
  • Present tense, this action is happening in the current moment. It could have also started in the past, but still continue in the present. Verbs in the present tense do not end with anything, they are the default form.
  • Future tense, this action has not happened yet and is not happening yet. But it will happen or is planned to happen in the future. Actions that are currently happening and will continue to happen in the future are not future tense. Verbs in the future tense end with -on.
  For example: Jodzun - was, Jod - is, Jodon - will be.
• Adjectives have comparative and superlative states as follow:
  • Default state, this is the lowest state. This state does not end with anything, this is the default form.
  • Comparative state, this is bigger than the default state. Comparative adjectives end with -tag.
  • Superlative state, this is the biggest state. Superlative adjectives end with -tag and start with -viz.
  For example: Borac - big, Boractag - bigger, VizBoractag - biggest.
• Kahnaroc contains modal verbs, which must be placed before the target verb. Modal verbs can be negated using No. They do not have tenses, as the verb carries the tense.
• Numerals follow English compounding rules, where higher numbers precede lower ones (for example, eight thousand two hundred sixty-seven = 8267, or, alternatively, Baz-Tauz-Zva-Hund-Sax-Zan-Suv).
• Numerals have to be connected using dashes (for example, Hund-Zan-An). To specify a negative number, the preposition No must be added, but not as a prefix. To specify decimal points, use the word Dotz to specify dot position. Numerals can be written as HundZanAn, without using dashes, when used informally. Numerals can also be written as plain numbers, but must be spoken in Kahnaroc. Example: No-Sax-Dotz-an is -6.1.
• To define ordinals using regular numerals, a suffix -zd must be added to the last numeral. To define a multiplicative numeral, suffix zav must be added. To define a parenthetical (for example, firstly, secondly), suffix -zdva must be added.

Miscellaneous

These are miscellaneous rules that don't fit in other categories.

• When speaking or reading, a small pause should be taken after any semicolon, colon, three dots, dash, comma and question and exclamation marks. A pause after each connector is optional.
• Names of individuals and places must be read like they would be in English. Brand, art, etc. names must also be read like they are in English, but they also must be placed in quotes. Quote type does not matter as long as they match.